Keyantash, John https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/ en Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/standardized-precipitation-index-spi <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--climate-dataset--rss--title.html.twig * field--node--title--rss.html.twig * field--node--climate-dataset--title.html.twig * field--node--title--climate-dataset.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--climate-dataset.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--climate-dataset--rss--uid.html.twig * field--node--uid--rss.html.twig * field--node--climate-dataset--uid.html.twig * field--node--uid--climate-dataset.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--climate-dataset.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span>ryanj</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--climate-dataset--rss--created.html.twig * field--node--created--rss.html.twig * field--node--climate-dataset--created.html.twig * field--node--created--climate-dataset.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--climate-dataset.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 11/07/2011 - 08:18</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'layout__twocol_section' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x layout--twocol-section.html.twig x layout--twocol-section.html.twig * layout.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/layout/layout--twocol-section.html.twig' --> <div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--main-top breadcrumb-wrapper"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'block' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * block--system-breadcrumb-block.html.twig * block--system.html.twig x block.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/block/block.html.twig' --> <div class="block block-system block-system-breadcrumb-block"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'breadcrumb' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/navigation/breadcrumb.html.twig' --> <nav class="mb-3 d-print-none" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a href="/experts/john-keyantash">Keyantash, John</a> </li> </ol> </nav> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/navigation/breadcrumb.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/block/block.html.twig' --> </div> <main class="layout__region layout__region--main main-content-wrapper"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'block' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * block--field-block--field-primary-image.html.twig * block--field-block--node--climate-dataset--field-primary-image.html.twig * block--field-block--node--climate-dataset.html.twig * block--field-block--node.html.twig * block--field-block.html.twig * block--layout-builder.html.twig x block.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/block/block.html.twig' --> <div class="block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeclimate-datasetfield-primary-image"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--climate-dataset---custom--field-primary-image.html.twig * field--node--field-primary-image---custom.html.twig * field--node--climate-dataset--field-primary-image.html.twig * field--node--field-primary-image--climate-dataset--default.html.twig * field--node--field-primary-image--climate-dataset.html.twig * field--node--field-primary-image.html.twig * field--node--climate-dataset.html.twig * field--field-primary-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-primary-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Teaser image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/2022-03/6mSPIDataUS.png" width="553" height="369" alt="Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)" class="img-fluid" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/block/block.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'block' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * block--field-block--field-main-content.html.twig * block--field-block--node--climate-dataset--field-main-content.html.twig * block--field-block--node--climate-dataset.html.twig * block--field-block--node.html.twig * block--field-block.html.twig * block--layout-builder.html.twig x block.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/block/block.html.twig' --> <div class="block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeclimate-datasetfield-main-content"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--climate-dataset---custom--field-main-content.html.twig * field--node--field-main-content---custom.html.twig * field--node--climate-dataset--field-main-content.html.twig * field--node--field-main-content--climate-dataset--default.html.twig * field--node--field-main-content--climate-dataset.html.twig * field--node--field-main-content.html.twig * field--node--climate-dataset.html.twig * field--field-main-content.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-main-content field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Main content</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--climate-dataset--rich-text.html.twig * paragraph--rich-text--.html.twig * paragraph--rich-text--default.html.twig * paragraph--rich-text.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/composer/paragraphs/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-body--default--climate-dataset.html.twig * field--rich-text--default--field-body.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-body--default.html.twig * field--paragraph--rich-text--field-body.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-body--rich-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-body.html.twig * field--paragraph--rich-text.html.twig * field--field-body.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-body field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is a widely used index to characterize meteorological drought on a range of timescales. On short timescales, the SPI is closely related to soil moisture, while at longer timescales, the SPI can be related to groundwater and reservoir storage. The SPI can be compared across regions with markedly different climates. It quantifies observed precipitation as a standardized departure from a selected probability distribution function that models the raw precipitation data. The raw precipitation data are typically fitted to a gamma or a Pearson Type III distribution, and then transformed to a normal distribution. The SPI values can be interpreted as the number of standard deviations by which the observed anomaly deviates from the long-term mean. The SPI can be created for differing periods of 1-to-36 months, using monthly input data. For the operational community, the SPI has been recognized as the standard index that should be available worldwide for quantifying and reporting meteorological drought. Concerns have been raised about the utility of the SPI as a measure of changes in drought associated with climate change, as it does not deal with changes in evapotranspiration. Alternative indices that deal with evapotranspiration have been proposed (see SPEI).</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/composer/paragraphs/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/block/block.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'block' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * block--field-block--field-key-strengths.html.twig * block--field-block--node--climate-dataset--field-key-strengths.html.twig * block--field-block--node--climate-dataset.html.twig * block--field-block--node.html.twig * block--field-block.html.twig * block--layout-builder.html.twig x block.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/block/block.html.twig' --> <div class="block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeclimate-datasetfield-key-strengths"> <h2 class="mb-md-2">Key Strengths</h2> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--climate-dataset---custom--field-key-strengths.html.twig * field--node--field-key-strengths---custom.html.twig * field--node--climate-dataset--field-key-strengths.html.twig * field--node--field-key-strengths--climate-dataset--default.html.twig * field--node--field-key-strengths--climate-dataset.html.twig * field--node--field-key-strengths.html.twig * field--node--climate-dataset.html.twig * field--field-key-strengths.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-strengths field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Key Strengths</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Uses precipitation only; can characterize drought or abnormal wetness at different time scales which correspond with the time availability of different water resources (e.g. soil moisture, snowpack, groundwater, river discharge and reservoir storage)</p> </div> <div class="field__item"><p>More comparable across regions with different climates than the Palmer Severity Drought Index (PDSI)</p> </div> <div class="field__item"><p>Less complex to calculate than the PDSI</p> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/block/block.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'block' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * block--field-block--field-key-limitations.html.twig * block--field-block--node--climate-dataset--field-key-limitations.html.twig * block--field-block--node--climate-dataset.html.twig * block--field-block--node.html.twig * block--field-block.html.twig * block--layout-builder.html.twig x block.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/block/block.html.twig' --> <div class="block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeclimate-datasetfield-key-limitations"> <h2 class="mb-md-2">Key Limitations</h2> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--climate-dataset---custom--field-key-limitations.html.twig * field--node--field-key-limitations---custom.html.twig * field--node--climate-dataset--field-key-limitations.html.twig * field--node--field-key-limitations--climate-dataset--default.html.twig * field--node--field-key-limitations--climate-dataset.html.twig * field--node--field-key-limitations.html.twig * field--node--climate-dataset.html.twig * field--field-key-limitations.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-limitations field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Key Limitations</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>As a measure of water supply only, the SPI does not account for evapotranspiration, and this limits its ability to capture the effect of increased temperatures (associated with climate change) on moisture demand and availability</p> </div> <div class="field__item"><p>Sensitive to the quantity and reliability of the data used to fit the distribution; 30-50 years recommended</p> </div> <div class="field__item"><p>Does not consider the intensity of precipitation and its potential impacts on runoff, streamflow, and water availability within the system of interest</p> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/block/block.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'block' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * block--field-block--field-expert-user-guidance.html.twig * block--field-block--node--climate-dataset--field-expert-user-guidance.html.twig * block--field-block--node--climate-dataset.html.twig * block--field-block--node.html.twig * block--field-block.html.twig * block--layout-builder.html.twig x block.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/block/block.html.twig' --> <div class="block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodeclimate-datasetfield-expert-user-guidance"> <h2 class="mb-md-2">Expert User Guidance</h2> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--climate-dataset---custom--field-expert-user-guidance.html.twig * field--node--field-expert-user-guidance---custom.html.twig * field--node--climate-dataset--field-expert-user-guidance.html.twig * field--node--field-expert-user-guidance--climate-dataset--default.html.twig * field--node--field-expert-user-guidance--climate-dataset.html.twig * field--node--field-expert-user-guidance.html.twig * field--node--climate-dataset.html.twig * field--field-expert-user-guidance.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-expert-user-guidance field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Expert User Guidance</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The following was contributed by <strong>Dr. John Keyantash</strong>, California State University, Dominguez Hills, January, 2014:</p> <p>The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is a widely accepted index for the quantification of drought. In fact, the SPI was recommended through the Lincoln Declaration on Drought as the internationally preferred index for meteorological drought (Hayes et al., 2011). The SPI specifically addresses the intensity of <em>meteorological</em> <em>drought</em>, or precipitation deficit. The shortage of precipitation is a fundamental, intuitive metric for drought—perhaps the most basic description possible. However, interpreting the magnitude of the precipitation deficit can be challenging, because precipitation climatology varies widely over geographical regions as well as temporal scales. For example, when an unusually wet month is embedded within a period of extended drought, should the month be considered droughty or not? Furthermore, the level of the precipitation deficit/excess should be judged relative to some climatological norm for the location. Thus the challenge of drought definition lies <em>not</em> in the raw measurement of hydrometeorological data, but instead the objective assessment of the observations.</p> <p>The SPI addresses this challenge by comparing the precipitation total for the chosen interval against a cumulative probability distribution for the precipitation data (for the identical interval). For example, what is statistical interpretation of the one-month precipitation total (e.g., 29 mm), compared to all known one-month totals? Obviously, the geographic location and time of year are important restrictions; if the precipitation was during April 2005 in southwestern Idaho, its magnitude should only be judged against April data from other years, in southwestern Idaho. Thus, it is necessary to view the drought according to the climatological norms for the location and season.</p> <p>The SPI can compute drought intensity over any desired interval, e.g., one month, five months or 200 days. However, one of the most powerful features of the SPI is its intrinsic ability to <em>simultaneously</em> assess drought over a suite of timescales. For example, the precipitation totals for one, three, six, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 60 month durations are routinely used by researchers to compute the SPI for the same respective intervals. A plot of SPI values from southwestern Idaho, for two different timescales, is shown in the first figure.</p> <p>The SPI can accomplish the simultaneous assessment of drought because the observed precipitation during each time period is considered a statistical sample from a larger parent population. That is, each precipitation observation can be considered as a single datum—a random sample—from the broader precipitation probability distribution. For computational accuracy, Guttman (1999) recommends a minimum of 50 years of precipitation data. Observational data need not be preprocessed into the desired aggregations; available software codes (such as available from the <a href="http://drought.unl.edu/MonitoringTools/DownloadableSPIProgram.aspx" target="_blank">National Drought Mitigation Center</a> [NDMC]) accept monthly input data (which is usually the minimum interval frequency used to study drought [i.e., the one-month SPI]) and aggregate it to desired intervals (e.g., six month precipitation, for the six month SPI).</p> <p>Precipitation is known to follow an asymmetric frequency distribution, with the bulk of the occurrences at low values, and a rapidly decreasing likelihood of larger precipitation totals. There are a number of such positively-skewed analytical distributions, six of which were analyzed for SPI computations by Guttman (1999). The distribution for the SPI adopted by McKee et al. (1993), as well as the NDMC, is the incomplete gamma distribution. SPI algorithms analyze the input data to optimally estimate two key coefficients which govern the transformation, and the observed precipitation data are transformed to Gaussian (normal) equivalents. The transformed precipitation data are then used to compute the dimensionless SPI value, defined as the standardized anomaly of the precipitation:</p> <p> SPI = (P-P*) /  σ<sub>p</sub></p> <p>where P = precipitation</p> <p>p* = mean precipitation</p> <p>σ<sub>p = standard deviation of precipitation</sub></p> <p>The dimensionless SPI values are typically associated with the drought descriptions of “dry”, “moderately dry”, or “extremely dry”, as well as other labels for near-normal conditions or precipitation excesses. The occurrence of these along the normal distribution is shown in the second figure.##</p> <p> </p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/block/block.html.twig' --> </main> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/templates/layout/layout--twocol-section.html.twig' --> Mon, 07 Nov 2011 15:18:00 +0000 ryanj 654 at https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu