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NASA MERRA

The Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) was undertaken by NASA’s Global Modeling and Assimilation Office with two primary objectives: to place observations from NASA’s Earth Observing System satellites into a climate context and to improve upon the hydrologic cycle represented in earlier generations of reanalyses. MERRA was generated with version 5.2.0 of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) atmospheric model and data assimilation system (DAS), and covers the modern satellite era from 1979 to the present. Specifically, the GEOS-DAS Version 5  implements Incremental Analysis Updates (IAU) to slowly adjust the model states toward the observed state.

The original MERRA has been replaced by MERRA-2.

Key Strengths:

  • Significant improvement in precipitation and water vapor climatology over older reanalyses
  • The IAU procedure in which the analysis correction is applied to the forecast model gradually ameliorates precipitation spin-down during early stages of the forecast, and allows for higher frequency output including selected hourly fields
  • Provides vertical integrals and analysis increment fields for the closure of atmospheric budgets

Key Limitations:

  • Changes in the observing system strongly affect trends in many fields (as for other reanalyses); for example P-E exhibits spurious increases associated with assimilating radiances from the AMSU starting in 1998 and to a lesser extent, SSM/I in 1987
  • Spatial discontinuity in central African moisture fields associated with rawinsonde input
  • The assimilation routine is “frozen” and will not be updated for newer satellite instruments, so quality will eventually degrade as current instruments expire

Expert Developer Guidance

The summary information was written with help from Richard Cullather. Any errors are ours.

Technical Notes

MERRA FAQ 6: Why are there such large discrepancies at 1000mb and 850mb bewtween MERRA and other reanalyses?

The GEOS5 data assimilation system used to produce MERRA does not (or did not at the time of production) extrapolate data to pressure levels greater than the surface pressure. These grid points are marked by undefined values. The result is that area averages that include these points will not be representative compared to other data sets without additional screening. Time averages, such as monthly means, may also have substantial differences at the edges of topography. The lowest model level data and surface data are available so that users can produce their own extrapolation. A page discussing this issue is available. See http://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/research/merra/pressure_surface.php

Years of Record

1979/01 to 2016/11
temporal metadataID:
MATUNXRAD_5.2.0

Formats

Timestep

Sub-daily | Monthly

Data Time Period Extended?

yes, data set is extended

Domain

Global

Spatial Resolution

0.5° x 0.667° x 72 , 0.01 hPA top

Ocean or Land

Ocean&Land

Missing Data Flag

depends on variable

Data Assimilation Method

GEOS IAU

Model Resolution used to create reanlaysis

0.5° x 0.667° x 72

Model Vintage (reanalysis)

2009

Earth system components and main variables

Atmosphere, Air Temperature, Geopotential Height, Precipitable water, Water Vapor

Key Figures

Click the thumbnails to view larger sizes

Thumbnails

Captions
Climate Data Guide Image Taylor diagrams of annual mean precipitation from reanalyses using GPCP and CMAP as observing references. Red and blue lines show limits of expected high and low correlation determined by comparing GPCP and CMAP. From Bosilovich et al. (2011) and contributed by R. Cullather.
Climate Data Guide Image Climatological (1989-2010) total water vapor for January and July. [Climate Data Guide; D. Shea]
Climate Data Guide Image Latitude-pressure cross section of mean zonal wind at 210E for January 2010. The black filled areas indicate topography. [Climate Data Guide; D. Shea]
Climate Data Guide Image Longitude-pressure cross section of mean meridional wind at 45N for January 2010. The black filled areas indicate topography. [Climate Data Guide; D. Shea]

Cite this page

National Center for Atmospheric Research Staff (Eds). Last modified 07 Nov 2017. "The Climate Data Guide: NASA MERRA." Retrieved from https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/nasa-merra.

Acknowledgement of any material taken from this page is appreciated. On behalf of experts who have contributed data, advice, and/or figures, please cite their work as well.

NASA MERRA

The Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) was undertaken by NASA’s Global Modeling and Assimilation Office with two primary objectives: to place observations from NASA’s Earth Observing System satellites into a climate context and to improve upon the hydrologic cycle represented in earlier generations of reanalyses. MERRA was generated with version 5.2.0 of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) atmospheric model and data assimilation system (DAS), and covers the modern satellite era from 1979 to the present. Specifically, the GEOS-DAS Version 5  implements Incremental Analysis Updates (IAU) to slowly adjust the model states toward the observed state. The original MERRA has been replaced by MERRA-2.

1979-01/2016-11