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SST Data Sets: Overview & Comparison Table SST Data Sets: Overview & Comparison Table

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Sea surface temperature (SST) data sets are an essential resource for monitoring and understanding climate variability and long-term trends. By surface area, SSTs are the dominant (~71%) input into merged global land-ocean surface temperature data products. Historically,…

Main variables and Earth System components

Ocean SST - sea surface temperature

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Last updated 2 hours 38 minutes ago
AMOC Observing Systems Observations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)

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The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is comprised of a series of northward surface currents and southward currents at depth in the Atlantic Basin. It is a key part of the global ocean circulation and is responsible for substantial oceanic heat transport,…

Main variables and Earth System components

Ocean

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Last updated 3 hours 4 minutes ago
CHIRPS v3 global monthly precipitation totals for March 2025 CHIRPS: Climate Hazards InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (Version 3)

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Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data version 3 (CHIRPS v3)is a 1981-present, land-only, high resolution 0.05° gridded precipitation dataset. It combines thermal-infrared geostationary satellite-based estimates (CHIRP3), in situ observations from…

Main variables and Earth System components

Precipitation
Last updated 1 day 2 hours ago
Map of May 2014 precipitation totals according to CHIRPSv2. Provided by C. Martinez. CHIRPS: Climate Hazards InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (version 2)

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Note: CHIRPS v2 has been superseded by CHIRPS v3 as of June 2025. Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) is a quasi-global (50S - 50N), land-only rainfall dataset with a range of temporal and spatial resolutions depending on the region and…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Precipitation

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    • Climatology, Sub-daily, Daily, Monthly, Seasonal, Pentad

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Last updated 1 month ago
North Pacific Index timeseries North Pacific (NP) Index by Trenberth and Hurrell; monthly and winter

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The North Pacific Index (NP index or NPI) is the area-weighted sea level pressure over the region 30°N-65°N, 160°E-140°W. The NP index is defined to measure interannual to decadal variations in the atmospheric circulation. The dominant atmosphere-ocean relation in the…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Sea Level Pressure
Last updated 2 months 2 weeks ago
timeseries of signal and noise in the SOI Southern Oscillation Indices: Signal, Noise and Tahiti/Darwin SLP (SOI)

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The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is a time series used to characterize the large scale sea level pressure (SLP) patterns in the tropical Pacific. Monthly mean SLP at Tahiti [T] and Darwin [D] are used. An optimal SOI can be constructed. It consists of  [T-D] which…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Sea Level Pressure
Last updated 2 months 2 weeks ago
The NAM (or Arctic Oscillation) is defined as the first EOF of NH (20°-90°N) winter SLP data. It explains 23% of the extended winter mean (December-March) variance, and it is clearly dominated by the NAO structure in the Atlantic sector. Hurrell wintertime SLP-based Northern Annular Mode (NAM) Index

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The NAM (or Arctic Oscillation) is defined as the first EOF of NH (20°-90°N) winter SLP data. It explains 23% of the extended winter mean (December-March) variance, and it is clearly dominated by the NAO structure in the Atlantic sector. Although there are some subtle…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Sea Level Pressure
Last updated 2 months 2 weeks ago
NAO PC-based Index (DJFM) Hurrell North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index (PC-based)

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The principal component (PC)-based indices of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are the time series of the leading Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) of SLP anomalies over the Atlantic sector, 20°-80°N, 90°W-40°E. These indices are used to measure the NAO…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Sea Level Pressure
Last updated 2 months 2 weeks ago
HadEX2: Gridded Temperature and Precipitation Climate Extremes Indices (CLIMDEX data) HadEX2: Gridded Temperature and Precipitation Climate Extremes Indices (CLIMDEX data)

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Note: HadEX2 has been superseded by HadEX3. HadEX2 provides gridded, station-based indices of temperature- and precipitation- related climate extremes. It is intended for detection and attribution studies and climate model evaluation. Twenty-nine indices, including daily…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Maximum Air Temperature Minimum Air Temperature Land Freeze/Thaw

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Last updated 2 months 2 weeks ago
Global Temperature Data Sets: Overview & Comparison Table Global Temperature Data Sets: Overview & Comparison Table

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Global surface temperature data sets are an essential resource for monitoring and understanding climate variability and long-term trends. The most commonly used data sets combine historical observations of near surface air temperatures at land stations with global data…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Air Temperature Air Temperature at 2m Ocean SST - sea surface temperature

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Last updated 2 months 2 weeks ago