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ERSST 2024 Mean Temperature SST data: HadSST4
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HadSST4 provides monthly SST anomalies on a 5°x5° grid for 1850-present. The anomalies are derived from a 30-year climatology spanning 1961-90. Coverage is global but there is no interpolation; Thus, missing data occur in the final product. This means that uncertainties…

Main variables and Earth System components

Ocean SST - sea surface temperature
Last updated 4 days 12 hours ago
SST data: HadSST3 SST data: HadSST3
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Note: HadSST3 has been superseded by HadSST4. HadSST3 provides monthly SST anomalies on a 5°x5° grid for 1850-present. The anomalies are derived from a 30-year climatology spanning 1961-90.Coverage is global but there is no interpolation; Thus, missing data occur in the…

Main variables and Earth System components

Ocean SST - sea surface temperature
Last updated 4 days 12 hours ago
Argo float locations July 30, 2025 Argo Ocean Temperature and Salinity Profiles
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Argo is an array of over 4100 profiling floats distributed almost uniformly across the global oceans. First deployed in 2000, Argo floats provide temperature and salinity profiles from the surface to a depth of 2000m. The array has approximately 1 float for…

Main variables and Earth System components

Ocean Salinity Sub Surface Salinity Sub Surface Temperature
    • Timestep

    • Monthly, Weekly
    • Collections

Last updated 2 weeks 2 days ago
NP Index timeseries (NDJFM) North Pacific (NP) Index by Trenberth and Hurrell; monthly and winter
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The North Pacific Index (NP index or NPI) is the area-weighted sea level pressure over the region 30°N-65°N, 160°E-140°W. The NP index is defined to measure interannual to decadal variations in the atmospheric circulation. The dominant atmosphere-ocean relation in the…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Sea Level Pressure
Last updated 2 weeks 3 days ago
NAM spatial plot Hurrell wintertime SLP-based Northern Annular Mode (NAM) Index
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The NAM (or Arctic Oscillation) is defined as the first EOF of NH (20°-90°N) winter SLP data. It explains 23% of the extended winter mean (December-March) variance, and it is clearly dominated by the NAO structure in the Atlantic sector. Although there are some subtle…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Sea Level Pressure
Last updated 2 weeks 3 days ago
NAO PC DJFM Hurrell North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index (PC-based)
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The principal component (PC)-based indices of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are the time series of the leading Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) of SLP anomalies over the Atlantic sector, 20°-80°N, 90°W-40°E. These indices are used to measure the NAO…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Sea Level Pressure
Last updated 2 weeks 3 days ago
SOI Tahiti - Darwin timeseries Southern Oscillation Indices: Signal, Noise and Tahiti/Darwin SLP (SOI)
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The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is a time series used to characterize the large scale sea level pressure (SLP) patterns in the tropical Pacific. Monthly mean SLP at Tahiti [T] and Darwin [D] are used. An optimal SOI can be constructed. It consists of  [T-D]…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Sea Level Pressure
Last updated 2 weeks 3 days ago
Typhoon Kathleen in JRA-3Q JRA-3Q Atmospheric Reanalysis
  • Years of record

The Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q) is the third generation long-term reanalysis product developed by the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA). JRA-3Q is a reanalysis using the JMA global Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) system as of 12/2018…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Air Temperature Geopotential Height Precipitable water
    • Timestep

    • Sub-daily, Daily, Monthly
    • Collections

  • Experts contributing reviews

Last updated 2 months 1 week ago
JRA-55 JRA-55
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Note: JRA-55 has been superseded by JRA-3Q Spanning 1958-present, JRA-55 is the longest third-generation reanalysis that uses the full observing system (in contrast, products like ERA-20C and NOAA 20CR assimilate a very limited set of observations while NCEP R1 uses an…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere Air Temperature Geopotential Height Precipitable water
    • Timestep

    • Sub-daily, Monthly
    • Collections

Last updated 2 months 1 week ago
Atmospheric Reanalysis: Overview & Comparison Tables Atmospheric Reanalysis: Overview & Comparison Tables
  • Years of record

Reanalysis a systematic approach to produce data sets for climate monitoring and research. Reanalyses are created via an unchanging ("frozen") data assimilation scheme and model(s) which ingest all available observations every 6-12 hours over the period being analyzed.…

Main variables and Earth System components

Atmosphere
Last updated 2 months 1 week ago