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Years of Record: 1951/12 to 2008/11
"The Extended Edited Synoptic Cloud Reports Archive makes use of routine synoptic observations made by humans on ships over the ocean and at weather stations over land. Following the synoptic code (WMO, 1974), observers report the fraction of sky dome covered by all clouds, the fraction of sky dome...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: ascii
Timestep: Sub-daily
Domain: Global
See Expert Guidance by Norris, Joel
Years of Record: 2016/10 to 2018/07
FLASHFlux provides near real-time (7-8 days) quantification of surface radiative fluxes which are important for understanding the impact of changes to the Earth's surface and the atmospheric state on surface radiative fluxes.
An operational subsystem which uses a portion of the existing CERES...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: HDF
Timestep: Daily
Domain: Global
"FLUXNET is a global network of micrometeorological flux measurement sites that measure the exchanges of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy between the biosphere and atmosphere. At present over 140 sites are operating on a long-term and continuous basis. Vegetation under study includes...
Formats: netCDF | ascii
Timestep: Sub-daily
Domain: Global
Collections: Carbon cycle, Diagnostic Data Sets, NCAR-DOE-CESM, landdiagnostics
Years of Record: 1981/12 to 2007/11
Global, spatially and temporally explicit estimates of carbon and water fluxes derived from empirical up-scaling eddy covariance measurements would constitute a new and possibly powerful data stream to study the variability of the global terrestrial carbon and water cycle. Jung et al (2009)
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: binary
Timestep: Monthly
Domain: Global
Collections: Diagnostic Data Sets, NCAR-DOE-CESM, landdiagnostics
Years of Record: 2013/08
The NOAA Paleoclimatology Program distributes the product of various collaborative efforts to collect and organize pollen records from around the globe. These data include the pollen counts and related information, as well as several different derived data sets. Data archived here were last updated...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Domain: North America
Collections: Carbon cycle
Years of Record: 1947/12 to 2004/11
"A dataset of historical monthly streamflow at the farthest downstream stations for the world’s 925 largest ocean-reaching rivers has been created for community use. Compared with previous studies, the new dataset has improved homogeneity and enables more reliable assessments of decadal and long-...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF | ascii | binary
Timestep: Monthly
Domain: Global
Years of Record: 1996/12 to 2015/11
The Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) "combines satellite information on fire activity and vegetation productivity to estimate gridded monthly burned area and fire emissions, as well as scalars that can be used to calculate higher temporal resolution emissions."
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: HDF
Timestep: Daily,Monthly,Annual
Domain: Global
Years of Record: 1869/12 to 2014/04
Long time series of gridded surface temperature and precipitation data derived from homongenized station data. The gridded anomalies were produced from GHCN-M bias corrected data. GHCN data and CAMS (Climate Anomaly Monitoring System) are combined to produce a high resolution 'real-time' product.
Formats: netCDF | ascii
Timestep: Monthly
Domain: Global
Years of Record: 1879/12 to 2016/02
The Global Historical Climatology Network Daily database, GHCN-D, contains meteorological measurements from over 90,000 stations across the globe. The majority of station records contain precipitation data only, however other key variables including maximum temperature, minimum temperature,...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: ascii
Timestep: Daily
Domain: Global
See Expert Guidance by McKinnon, Karen
Years of Record: 1950/12 to 2014/01
GHCNDEX provides gridded, station-based indices of temperature- and precipitation- related climate extremes. It is intended for climate change detection and attribution studies, climate model evaluation, and operational monitoring of extreme climatic events. Twenty-six indices, including daily...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF | ascii
Timestep: Monthly
Domain: Global
Collections: CLIMDEX
Years of Record: 2005/12 to 2012/11
The Group for High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (SST; GHRSST) provides a new generation of global high-resolution (
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF
Timestep: Sub-daily,Daily
Domain: Global
Years of Record: 1899/12 to 2014/11
A series of gridded temperature and precipitation data sets. Station records that served as bases for the Terrestrial Air Temperature: 1900-2014 Gridded Monthly Time Series (Version 4.01) and Terrestrial Precipitation: 1900-2014 Gridded Monthly Time Series (Version 4.01) archives are used here to...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF | ascii
Timestep: Climatology,Monthly
Domain: Global
Collections: Diagnostic Data Sets, NCAR-DOE-CESM, atmosdiagnostics
See Expert Guidance by Matsuura, Kenji
Years of Record: 1849/12 to 2020/11
HadCRUT5 is one of the main datasets used to monitor global and regional surface temperature variability and trends. It is a global surface temperature product that combines land surface air temperatures from CRUTEM5 with SSTs from HadSST4. HadCRUT5 is a departure from its predecessors (HadCRUT4,...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF
Timestep: Monthly
Domain: Global
Collections: Diagnostic Data Sets
See Expert Guidance by Hausfather, Zeke
Years of Record: 1992/09 to 2015/09
The global mean sea level timeseries is an excellent, integrative indicator of climate change, providing a record independent of common metrics like global surface air temperature. The major contributions to the observed sea level trend of 3.3 mm/year include the ocean's thermal expansion,...
Formats: ascii
Timestep: Monthly
Domain: Global
See Expert Guidance by Nerem, R.S.
Years of Record: 1978/10 to 2007/04
This data set comprises global, monthly satellite-derived snow water equivalent (SWE) climatologies from November 1978 through May 2007, and is updated with more recent data periodically. Global data are gridded to the
Northern and Southern 25 km Equal-Area Scalable Earth Grids (EASE-Grids)....
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: binary
Timestep: Monthly
Domain: NH - Northern Hemisphere, SH - Southern Hemisphere
Years of Record: 1954/12 to 2010/11
Using updated data from the World Ocean Database (Boyer et al, 2009) and improved ARGO profiling data, new estimates of ocean heat content and thermospheric sea level change (0-2000m) for the period 1955-2010 are derived.
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF | ascii
Timestep: Monthly,Seasonal,Annual
Domain: Global
Years of Record: 1949/12 to 2009/03
Using data from the Indian Ocean Hydrobase (IOHB) (Kobayashi et al., 2006), Hydrobase2 (Curry, 2002), and Southern Ocean Atlas (Orsi and Whitworth, 2010) databases along with the improved spatial and temporal coverage provided by ARGO profiling data, new estimates of ocean salinity and temperature...
Formats: netCDF | Image
Timestep: Climatology
Domain: Global
This data set contains a global (excluding Antarctica) 1 km map of permafrost zonation. It is an estimate of to what degree permafrost exists in a region nearly everywhere, or only in the most favorable conditions. These local conditions affecting permafrost occurrence will partly exhibit regional...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: binary | KML
Timestep: Climatology
Domain: Global
See Expert Guidance by Gruber, Stephan
Years of Record: 1879/12 to 2020/02
NASA Goddard's Global Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP) combines land surface air temperatures primarily from the GHCN-M version 4 with SSTs of the ERSSTv5 analysis into a comprehensive global surface temperature data set spanning 1880 to the present at monthly resolution, on a 2x2 degree...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF | ascii | binary
Timestep: Monthly
Domain: Global
Collections: Diagnostic Data Sets, NCAR-DOE-CESM, climatevariabilitydiagnostics(CVDP)
See Expert Guidance by Lenssen, Nathan
Years of Record: 1849/12 to 2020/01
Extending back to 1850 and frequently updated, HadCRUT4 is the longest data set of its type. HadCRUT4 is a combination of the global land surface temperature data set, CRUTEM4 and the global SST data set, HadSST3. HadCRUT4 is different from the most closely comparable products (e.g. NASA GISTEMP...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF | ascii | KML
Timestep: Climatology,Monthly
Domain: Global
Collections: Diagnostic Data Sets, NCAR-DOE-CESM, climatevariabilitydiagnostics(CVDP)
Years of Record: 1870/12 to 2021/09
NOAA's Merged Land-Ocean Surface Temperature Analysis (MLOST) combines land surface air temperatures primarily from the Global Historical Climatology Network, Monthly (GHCN-M) version 3 with SSTs of the ERSSTv3b analysis into a comprehensive global surface temperature data set spanning 1880 to the...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF | binary
Timestep: Monthly
Domain: Global
Collections: Diagnostic Data Sets, NCAR-DOE-CESM, climatevariabilitydiagnostics(CVDP)
Years of Record: 1700/12 to 2019/06
The Berkeley Earth Surface Temperatures (BEST) are a set of data products, originally a gridded reconstruction of land surface air temperature records spanning 1701-present, and now including an 1850-present merged land-ocean data set that combines the land analysis with an interpolated...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF
Timestep: Climatology,Daily,Monthly
Domain: Global
Collections: Diagnostic Data Sets, NCAR-DOE-CESM, climatevariabilitydiagnostics(CVDP)
See Expert Guidance by Cowtan, Kevin
Years of Record: 1849/12 to 2013/09
Global surface temperature data sets are an essential resource for monitoring and understanding climate variability and climate change. The most commonly used data sets combine historical observations of near surface air temperatures at land stations with global data sets of sea surface...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF | ascii | binary
Timestep: Climatology,Monthly
Domain: Global
Collections: Overview / Comparison page
Years of Record: 2013/08
The GLobal Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) is a cooperative effort to coordinate global synthesis projects funded through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), and the National Science Foundation (NSF) as part of the Joint Global Ocean...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF | ascii
Timestep: Climatology
Domain: Global
Collections: Carbon cycle
Years of Record: 2015/12 to 2016/11
GODAS is a real-time ocean analysis and a reanalysis. It is used for monitoring, retrospective analysis as well as for providing oceanic initial conditions for the CFS. Both temperature and synthetic salinity profiles are assimilated in a 3DVAR scheme. Beginning with March 2007, altimetry sea level...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF | GRIB
Timestep: Monthly,Pentad
Domain: Global
Years of Record: 1986/12 to 2008/11
This data set (GSSTF 2C) has been superceded by GSSTF3 released in July 2012. The Goddard Satellite-based Surface Turbulent Fluxes (GSSTF) data set is part of the NASA Making Earth Science Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs) Project. The objective of this project is to...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: binary | HDF-EOS
Timestep: Climatology,Daily,Monthly,Seasonal,Annual
Domain: Global
Collections: Diagnostic Data Sets, NCAR-DOE-CESM, oceandiagnostics
Years of Record: 1997/12 to 2008/11
Version 3: The Goddard Satellite-based Surface Turbulent Fluxes (GSSTF) data set is part of the NASA Making Earth Science Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs) Project. The objective of this project is to continually produce a uniform data set of sea surface turbulent fluxes...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: HDF-EOS
Timestep: Climatology,Sub-daily,Daily,Monthly
Domain: Global
Collections: Climate Data Record
Years of Record: 1890/12 to 2018/11
The GPCC provides gridded gauge-analysis products derived from quality controlled station data. Two products are for climate: (a) the Full Data Reanalysis Product (1901-2010) is recommended for global and regional water balance studies, calibration/validation of remote sensing based rainfall...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF | ascii
Timestep: Climatology,Daily,Monthly
Domain: Global
Collections: Diagnostic Data Sets, NCAR-DOE-CESM, atmosdiagnostics, climatevariabilitydiagnostics(CVDP)
Years of Record: 1996/09 to 2015/10
The 1DD product provides precipitation estimates on a 1-degree grid over the entire globe at 1-day (daily) for the period October 1996 - present. Both the Pentad and 1DD products are consistent with the Version 2 monthly product in the sense that the Pentad and 1DD approximately sum to the monthly...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF | binary
Timestep: Daily
Domain: Global
Collections: Obs4MIPS
See Expert Guidance by Pendergrass, Angeline
Years of Record: 1978/12 to 2020/06
Data from rain gauge stations, satellites, and sounding observations have been merged to estimate monthly rainfall on a 2.5-degree global grid from 1979 to the present. The careful combination of satellite-based rainfall estimates provides the most complete analysis of rainfall available to date...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF | binary
Timestep: Climatology,Monthly
Domain: Global
Collections: Diagnostic Data Sets, NCAR-DOE-CESM, atmosdiagnostics, climatevariabilitydiagnostics(CVDP), Obs4MIPS
See Expert Guidance by Pendergrass, Angeline | See Expert Guidance by Wang, Jian-Jian
Years of Record: 2014/02 to 2017/02
The GPM is n international satellite mission launched by NASA and JAXA on Feb. 27, 2014. The GPM is a follow-on to TRMM which, after 17 years, officially came to an end on April 15, 2015. In addition to the moderate and heavy rainfall that TRMM was capable of observing in the tropics, GPM also...
Formats: HDF
Timestep: Sub-daily,Daily,Monthly
Domain: Global
Years of Record: 2001/12 to 2012/08
The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) refers to a pair of NASA satellites that has flown in low-Earth orbit since 2002. The satellites use a precise microwave ranging system to measure the distance between themselves due to gravitational acceleration. Onboard GPS instruments determine...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF | ascii
Timestep: Daily,Monthly
Domain: Global
Collections: Diagnostic Data Sets, NCAR-DOE-CESM, landdiagnostics, landicediagnostics
Cryosphere | Glaciers | Ice Sheet Mass | Land | Groundwater | Water Storage | surface water | Ocean | Bottom pressure
See Expert Guidance by Swenson, Sean
Years of Record: 1953/12 to 2009/11
This digital archive provides multi-year monthly, seasonal, and annual averages in 5x5-degree grid boxes (or 10x10-degree boxes for some quantities over the ocean). Daytime and nighttime averages, as well as the diurnal average (average of day and night), are given. Nighttime averages were computed...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: ascii
Timestep: Climatology,Monthly,Seasonal
Domain: Global
Collections: Diagnostic Data Sets, NCAR-DOE-CESM, atmosdiagnostics
See Expert Guidance by Norris, Joel
The Hadley Centre sea-surface temperature diurnal temperature range climatology is a 5x5 degree gridded climatology of the diurnal range of sea surface temperature as measured by drifting buoys.
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: ascii
Timestep: Climatology
Domain: Global
Years of Record: 1900/12 to 2010/11
HadEX2 provides gridded, station-based indices of temperature- and precipitation- related climate extremes. It is intended for climate change detection and attribution studies and climate model evaluation. Twenty-nine indices, including daily maximum and minimum temperatures, number of frost days,...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF | ascii
Timestep: Monthly,Annual
Domain: Global
Collections: CLIMDEX
Years of Record: 1949/12 to 2011/11
HadGHCND (aka HadGHCNDEX) is a gridded daily dataset of near-surface maximum (TX) and minimum (TN) temperature observations. Anomalies (departures from 1961-1990 climatology) and actual temperatures are distributed in two separate files. The dataset is designed primarily for the analysis of...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: ascii
Timestep: Daily
Domain: Global
Collections: CLIMDEX
Years of Record: 1849/12 to 2019/11
HadIOD (Met Office Hadley Centre Integrated Ocean Database) is a global database of in situ ocean temperature and salinity observations, spanning 1850-present on a daily timestep. It is somewhat unique among temperature and salinity datasets in that it combines observations from both surface and...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF
Timestep: Daily,Monthly
Domain: Global
See Expert Guidance by Atkinson, Chris
Years of Record: 2013/08
"This state-of-the-art database was established by IIASA and FAO in partnership with:
ISRIC-World Soil Information which, together with the FAO, contributed recent regional soil and terrain databases together with the WISE soil profile database;
The European Soil Bureau Network, which provided...
Formats: netCDF | ARC/INFO ASCII GRID
Domain: Global
Collections: Carbon cycle
Years of Record: 1799/12 to 2010/11
A set of three estimates of land-cover types and annual transformations of land use are provided on a global 0.5°x0.5° grid at annual timesteps. The longest of the three estimates spans 1770-2010. The three estimates use three different data sets of cropland and pastureland. Common input data...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF
Timestep: Annual
Domain: Global
See Expert Guidance by Meiyappan, Prasanth
Years of Record: 1986/12 to 2008/11
The Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data (HOAPS) set is a satellite-based climatology of precipitation, evaporation and freshwater budget (evaporation minus precipitation) as well as related turbulent heat fluxes and atmospheric state variables over the global ice free...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF
Timestep: Climatology,Sub-daily,Monthly,Pentad
Domain: Global
Collections: Boundary Conditions
Years of Record: 1898/12 to 2021/06
The principal component (PC)-based indices of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are the time series of the leading Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) of SLP anomalies over the Atlantic sector, 20°-80°N, 90°W-40°E. These indices are used to measure the NAO throughout the year, tracking the...
Formats: ascii
Timestep: Monthly,Seasonal,Annual
Domain: Atlantic Ocean
Years of Record: 1864/12 to 2020/01
The winter (December thru March) station-based index of the NAO is based on the difference of normalized sea level pressure (SLP) between Lisbon, Portugal and Stykkisholmur/Reykjavik, Iceland since 1864. Positive values of the NAO index are typically associated with stronger-than-average...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: ascii
Timestep: Monthly,Seasonal,Annual
Domain: Atlantic Ocean
See Expert Guidance by Hurrell, James
Years of Record: 1898/12 to 2021/02
The NAM (or Arctic Oscillation) is defined as the first EOF of NH (20°-90°N) winter SLP data. It explains 23% of the extended winter mean (December-March) variance, and it is clearly dominated by the NAO structure in the Atlantic sector. Although there are some subtle differences from the NAO...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: ascii
Timestep: Seasonal
Domain: Atlantic Ocean, NH - Northern Hemisphere, Pacific Ocean
IBTrACS (International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship) provides global tropical cyclone best track data in a centralized location to aid our understanding of the distribution, frequency, and intensity of tropical cyclones worldwide. The World Meteorological Organization Tropical Cyclone...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF | ascii | shapefile
Domain: Global
See Expert Guidance by Schreck, Carl
Years of Record: 1799/12 to 2016/08
ICOADS (International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set) is the most comprehensive archive of global marine surface climate observations available. Variables include SST, SLP, air temperature, wind speed, cloud amount, and others. There is no processing beyond initial quality control. ICOADS...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF | ascii | binary | IMMA
Timestep: Climatology,Daily,Monthly
Domain: Global
See Expert Guidance by Deser, Clara
Years of Record: 1983/06 to 2009/11
The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) makes use of routine observations by operational weather satellites to provide a long-term (1983-2009), gridded, global record of cloud properties. ISCCP uses observations in the visible and infrared window portions of the spectrum to...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF | binary | HDF
Timestep: Climatology,Sub-daily,Monthly
Domain: Global
Collections: Diagnostic Data Sets, NCAR-DOE-CESM, atmosdiagnostics
See Expert Guidance by Pincus, Robert
Years of Record: 1987/12 to 2006/11
These ocean surface flux data sets are derived primarily using data from multiple satellites. The COARE 3.0 bulk algorithm [Fairall et al. (2003)] is used in J-OFURO2 for the estimation of sensible and latent heat fluxes.
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: netCDF | ascii | binary
Timestep: Daily,Monthly
Domain: Global
Years of Record: 1978/12 to 2004/11
JRA-25 is a second generation reanalysis product. The model and data assimilation are from the operational system in April 2004. It was the first reanalysis to assimilate wind profiles around tropical cyclones deduced from best-track data, resulting in improved tropical cyclone analysis in a global...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: GRIB
Timestep: Sub-daily,Monthly
Domain: Global
Collections: Diagnostic Data Sets, NCAR-DOE-CESM, atmosdiagnostics
Years of Record: 1957/12 to 2021/11
Spanning 1958-present, JRA-55 is the longest third-generation reanalysis that uses the full observing system (in contrast, products like ERA-20C and NOAA 20CR assimilate a very limited set of observations while NCEP R1 uses an antiquated model and assimilation scheme). Compared to the...
Main variables and Earth System components:
Formats: GRIB
Timestep: Sub-daily,Monthly
Domain: Global
See Expert Guidance by Kobayashi, Shinya
Years of Record: 1972/09 to 2012/12
JRA-55C is a fixed observing system atmospheric reanalysis that uses the same model and data assimilation scheme as JRA-55. The observations assimilated include surface station data, radiosondes, tropical cyclone retrievals and wind profilers. No satellite observations are included. JRA...
Formats: GRIB
Timestep: Sub-daily,Monthly
Domain: Global
See Expert Guidance by Kobayashi, Chiaki
